Kupanga Mapepala

Kupanga mapepala kunasinthidwa pafupifupi chaka105 ADmwaKayi Lun, amene anali mdindo wa mfumuMzera wa Han(206 BC-220 AD).Asanapangidwe mapepala amtsogolo, anthu akale ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adalemba mawu pamitundu yambiri yazinthu zachilengedwe mongamasamba(ndi Amwenye),zikopa za nyama(Azungu mwina),miyala,ndimbale zadothi(ndi Mesopotamiya).Anthu aku China adagwiritsa ntchitobambookapenamatabwa n'kupanga,zipolopolo za kamba, kapenamapewa a ng'ombekulemba zochitika zofunika.Mabuku olembedwa pamizere yansungwi anali olemera kwambiri ndipo ankatenga malo ambiri.

Pambuyo pake, anthu a ku China anapanga mtundu wa pepala lopangidwa ndi silika, lomwe linali lopepuka kwambiri kuposa timizere.Pepalalo ankatchedwa bo.Zinali zodula kwambiri moti zinkangogwiritsidwa ntchito m’mabwalo amilandu kapena m’maboma.

Kupanga pepala lotsika mtengo lomwe Cai Lun adagwiritsa ntchito nsanza zakale,maukonde ophera nsomba,zinyalala za hemp,ulusi wa mabulosi,ndiulusi wina wa bastkupanga mtundu watsopano wa pepala.Kupanga pepala, zinthu izi zinalimobwerezabwereza ankawaviika,anamenya,osambitsidwa,yophika,srained,ndibleached.Mapepala amtunduwu anali opepuka komanso otsika mtengo kuposa omwe adabwera kale.Ndipo inali yabwino kwambiri yolembera ndi burashi yaku China.

Njira yopangira mapepalakufalitsakumayiko oyandikana ndi Asia, monga Japan, Korea, Vietnam, ndi zina zotero.Kuchokera kuMzera wa Tang(618-907) mpakaDynasty ya Ming(1368-1644), njira zopangira mapepala zaku China zidafalikira padziko lonse lapansi zomweadathandizira kwambirichitukuko cha dziko,pamodzi ndi makina osindikizira osunthika.

Kutuluka ndi chitukuko cha Njira zopangira mapepala ndi kusindikiza, kusiya zolemba zambiri za anthu wamba m'mbiri ndikuwonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu mbiri yakale.Zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira zosasinthika pa kusindikiza kwamapepala osindikizidwa,mapepala osindikizidwandimakapu osindikizidwapa pepala.